Date of Award

Spring 6-2-2026

Document Type

Honors Project

University Scholars Director

Dr. Joshua Tom

First Advisor/Committee Member

Dr. Bethany Hoff

Keywords

mixed methods, belonging, content validity, expert review, college students

Abstract

This study explored whether feedback from a scale’s target population can improve its psychometric qualities. We developed a psychological scale of Christian university belonging, defined as feelings of being accepted, valued, engaged and connected in direct association with the faith-integration at a Christian university. Three studies were executed. First, we collected and analyzed quantitative data (n=55) on the 14-item scale and reduced the number of items to six. Second, we collected and analyzed qualitative data from students attending a Christian university in the Pacific Northwestern United States (n=7) on the 6-item version to revise the scale. After revision, the scale had 8 items. Then the 6-item and 8-item versions were distributed together to determine whether revisions from the target population sample’s qualitative feedback improved the reliability and validity of the CUB Scale. Reliability, measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was improved in the 8-item version. Neither the 6-item or 8-item scale had convergent or divergent validity. No results are externally valid due to small sample sizes that are not representative of the population we studied.

Comments

A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts degree in Honors Liberal Arts. 

Copyright Status

http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/

Additional Rights Information

Copyright held by author.

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